Countries were formed through various historical processes, often involving factors like geographical boundaries, cultural identity, shared history, and political developments. Many nations emerged from the gradual evolution of communities, while others resulted from colonization, wars, or diplomatic agreements. Over time, political entities solidified into recognized states with defined borders and governance structures. The specific formation of each country is unique and shaped by its own historical context.
The criteria for recognizing a country can vary. Generally, for international recognition, a state needs to have defined borders, a permanent population, a functioning government, and the capacity to enter into relations with other states. So far, there are 195 countries in the world.
This includes 193 member states of the United Nations and two observer states (the Holy See and Palestine). The number can still change due to geopolitical events, such as the recognition of new states or changes in existing ones. The reasons for the current number of countries are historical, reflecting the outcomes of wars, decolonization, and diplomatic processes over time.
The term "countries" can be used in a broad sense to refer to political entities or territories with a degree of sovereignty or self-governance. While the Holy See and Palestine may not fit the conventional definition of full sovereign states, they have a recognized international status that allows them to participate in certain global forums.
Vatican City is a sovereign state, and the Holy See is the central governing body of the Catholic Church. While Vatican City meets the criteria of a sovereign state, the term "Holy See" is often used to refer to its international representation.
The Holy See has diplomatic relations with many countries and holds observer status at the United Nations. While the State of Palestine does not have full UN membership, it has been recognized as a non-member observer state by the United Nations. This status allows Palestine to participate in UN debates and activities. The use of the term "country" for Palestine reflects its international recognition and its engagement in global diplomatic affairs.
In essence, the application of the term "country" to the Holy See and Palestine acknowledges their recognized international standing and participation in global affairs, even if they do not conform to the traditional model of fully sovereign states.