Polonnaruwa, the second ancient capital of Sri Lanka, is a remarkable blend of history, culture, and architectural brilliance, making it one of the island’s most compelling destinations. As a UNESCO World Heritage Site, Polonnaruwa is a testament to the grandeur of ancient Sri Lankan civilization, showcasing well-preserved ruins of palaces, temples, and stupas that date back to the 11th and 12th centuries. The city flourished under the reign of King Parakramabahu I, who oversaw the construction of vast irrigation systems, magnificent buildings, and elaborate gardens. Today, Polonnaruwa stands as a powerful reminder of Sri Lanka’s rich heritage, offering visitors a unique opportunity to step back in time and explore the remnants of a once-great kingdom.
The Royal Palace
The Royal Palace, also known as the Weijantha Prasada, is one of the most impressive structures in Polonnaruwa and a must-see for anyone visiting the ancient city. Originally a grand seven-story edifice, the palace was built by King Parakramabahu I and served as his royal residence. Although only a few of the original floors remain, the ruins still convey the immense scale and architectural sophistication of the structure. The palace complex includes a large audience hall, royal baths, and various chambers that were likely used for administrative purposes. Walking through the remnants of the Royal Palace, visitors can imagine the grandeur of the ancient kingdom and the daily life of its rulers.
Gal Vihara
Gal Vihara is perhaps the most famous monument in Polonnaruwa, renowned for its stunning rock-cut Buddha statues. This group of four statues, carved into a single granite outcrop, is considered a masterpiece of ancient Sri Lankan art and one of the finest examples of Buddhist sculpture in South Asia. The statues depict the Buddha in various postures: seated in meditation, standing, and reclining in parinirvana. The serene expressions and meticulous detail of the carvings reflect the deep spiritual devotion of the artists and the cultural zenith of the Polonnaruwa period. The site is a place of pilgrimage and reverence, drawing visitors who come to marvel at the artistry and to experience the peaceful atmosphere that pervades the area.
Parakrama Samudra
Parakrama Samudra, or the Sea of Parakrama, is an expansive man-made reservoir that exemplifies the advanced hydraulic engineering skills of ancient Sri Lanka. Constructed by King Parakramabahu I, this vast body of water was designed to irrigate the surrounding lands and ensure a steady supply of water for agriculture. The reservoir covers an area of over 2,500 hectares and is surrounded by lush greenery, making it a picturesque and tranquil spot for visitors. Parakrama Samudra is also a popular place for birdwatching, as it attracts a variety of bird species. A visit to this engineering marvel offers insight into the innovative spirit of the ancient Sinhalese and their deep understanding of water management.
Vatadage
The Vatadage in Polonnaruwa is a circular relic house that is considered one of the finest examples of Sri Lankan architecture from the Polonnaruwa period. This elegant structure was built to enshrine the sacred Tooth Relic of the Buddha and is adorned with intricate stone carvings that depict various religious and mythological themes. The Vatadage features a central stupa surrounded by four Buddha statues, each facing a cardinal direction, and a series of concentric stone pillars that once supported a wooden roof. The artistry and symbolism embedded in the design of the Vatadage reflect the deep religious devotion and artistic talent of the era. Visiting this site allows one to appreciate the spiritual and cultural significance of Polonnaruwa’s religious monuments.
Lankathilaka Image House
Lankathilaka Image House is one of the most imposing and awe-inspiring structures in Polonnaruwa. This towering brick building, which once housed a massive standing statue of the Buddha, was constructed by King Parakramabahu I. Although the statue is now partially ruined, the grandeur of the image house remains evident in its soaring walls and the remnants of intricate stucco decorations. The Lankathilaka Image House stands as a testament to the architectural ambition and religious fervor of the Polonnaruwa period. Visitors to this site can explore the inner sanctum, where the colossal Buddha statue once stood, and admire the craftsmanship that went into creating this monumental religious edifice.
Rankoth Vehera
Rankoth Vehera is the largest stupa in Polonnaruwa and one of the most significant religious monuments in the city. Built during the reign of King Nissanka Malla in the 12th century, this massive stupa rises to a height of 55 meters and is surrounded by a wide platform. The stupa’s name, which means "Golden Pinnacle Stupa," reflects its once gilded top, which would have gleamed in the sunlight, visible from miles around. Rankoth Vehera remains a place of worship and pilgrimage, attracting devotees and visitors who come to offer prayers and admire the stupa’s imposing presence. The stupa’s simple yet powerful design embodies the spiritual aspirations of the ancient Sinhalese and their reverence for Buddhist teachings.
Shiva Devalaya No. 2
Shiva Devalaya No. 2 is one of the few surviving Hindu temples in Polonnaruwa, offering a glimpse into the religious diversity of the ancient city. This small but significant temple is dedicated to the Hindu god Shiva and is notable for its well-preserved stone carvings and the presence of a linga, a symbol of Shiva, within its sanctum. The temple’s Dravidian architectural style, characterized by its square shape and ornate carvings, contrasts with the predominantly Buddhist monuments of Polonnaruwa, highlighting the coexistence of different religious traditions during the city’s peak. A visit to Shiva Devalaya No. 2 provides an opportunity to explore the cultural and religious pluralism that was a hallmark of ancient Sri Lankan society.
Nissanka Latha Mandapaya
Nissanka Latha Mandapaya is a unique and elegant structure located within the Polonnaruwa Quadrangle, an area that contains some of the most important religious buildings of the ancient city. This pavilion, built by King Nissanka Malla, is distinguished by its unusual design, featuring a series of carved stone pillars that resemble lotus stems, with each pillar supporting a delicately sculpted lotus flower. The structure was likely used for chanting Buddhist scriptures and other religious rituals. The Nissanka Latha Mandapaya reflects the artistic creativity and religious devotion of its time, and its intricate carvings offer a window into the sophisticated craftsmanship that characterized Polonnaruwa’s golden age.
Pabalu Vehera
Pabalu Vehera is another significant stupa in Polonnaruwa, though it is less well-known than some of the other religious sites in the city. This stupa is believed to have been built by one of King Parakramabahu I’s queens and stands out for its unique architectural features. Unlike most stupas, which are symmetrical, Pabalu Vehera has an irregular shape, possibly due to later additions or repairs. The stupa is surrounded by a cluster of smaller stupas and shrines, creating a complex that exudes a sense of mystery and tranquility. Visitors to Pabalu Vehera can explore the surrounding ruins and enjoy the peaceful ambiance that pervades this lesser-visited part of Polonnaruwa.
Kiri Vehera
Kiri Vehera is one of the most beautifully preserved stupas in Polonnaruwa and a testament to the city’s rich Buddhist heritage. The stupa, which means "Milk Stupa" due to its gleaming white appearance, was built by Queen Subhadra, the wife of King Parakramabahu I. Kiri Vehera stands at a height of 80 feet and is surrounded by the ruins of an ancient monastery. The stupa’s pristine condition and elegant design make it a popular site for both pilgrims and tourists. A visit to Kiri Vehera offers a serene and contemplative experience, allowing visitors to connect with the spiritual essence of Polonnaruwa and appreciate the enduring legacy of its religious monuments.