Anuradhapura, one of the ancient capitals of Sri Lanka, is a treasure trove of historical and cultural significance, offering visitors a glimpse into the island’s rich past. As the first capital of Sri Lanka, it was the heart of Theravada Buddhism for centuries, and today, it stands as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The city is dotted with well-preserved ruins, ancient stupas, and impressive monasteries that attract history enthusiasts, pilgrims, and curious travelers alike. Whether you’re drawn to the towering stupas that dominate the skyline or the sacred Bodhi tree that is said to be a sapling of the tree under which Buddha attained enlightenment, Anuradhapura offers an unparalleled journey through time and spirituality.
Ruwanwelisaya Stupa
The Ruwanwelisaya Stupa is one of Anuradhapura’s most iconic landmarks and a must-visit for anyone exploring the city. This massive white stupa, built by King Dutugemunu in the 2nd century BCE, is considered one of the most sacred Buddhist sites in Sri Lanka. It is said to enshrine relics of the Buddha, making it a site of immense religious significance. The stupa’s perfectly symmetrical structure, surrounded by a wall adorned with hundreds of elephant statues, is a sight to behold, especially when illuminated at night. Pilgrims and visitors alike gather here to pay their respects, meditate, and soak in the serene atmosphere.
Sri Maha Bodhi Tree
Another revered site in Anuradhapura is the Sri Maha Bodhi, a sacred fig tree that holds great spiritual importance in Buddhism. This ancient tree is believed to be a sapling from the original Bodhi tree in Bodh Gaya, India, under which Siddhartha Gautama attained enlightenment and became the Buddha. Planted over 2,000 years ago, it is one of the oldest living trees in the world with a known planting date. The Sri Maha Bodhi is a focal point of worship and pilgrimage, with devotees often visiting to offer prayers, flowers, and incense. The tree is surrounded by a protective railing and several smaller stupas, making it a tranquil spot for reflection and reverence.
Jetavanaramaya
Jetavanaramaya is another monumental stupa in Anuradhapura, recognized for its sheer size and historical importance. At the time of its completion in the 3rd century CE, it was the tallest stupa in the world and remains one of the largest brick structures ever built. This colossal stupa, constructed by King Mahasena, symbolizes the zenith of Sinhalese engineering and architectural prowess. Jetavanaramaya was originally part of a larger monastic complex that housed thousands of monks and served as a major center of Buddhist learning. Today, visitors can marvel at its imposing presence, explore the surrounding ruins, and imagine the vibrant monastic life that once thrived here.
Abhayagiri Monastery
The Abhayagiri Monastery is another key attraction in Anuradhapura, offering a fascinating glimpse into the spiritual and scholarly life of ancient Sri Lanka. Founded in the 1st century BCE by King Valagamba, this monastery was one of the most prominent Buddhist institutions in the country. It was home to thousands of monks and became a center for Theravada and Mahayana Buddhism, as well as for other religious traditions. The complex includes the massive Abhayagiri Dagoba, the monastery’s principal stupa, which once stood over 100 meters tall. Although partially in ruins, the site still exudes a powerful aura of spirituality and history, attracting visitors who are keen to explore its ancient relics and learn about its multifaceted past.
Isurumuniya Temple
Isurumuniya Temple is a small yet enchanting rock temple located near the Tissa Wewa reservoir. This temple is famous for its intricate rock carvings, particularly the Isurumuniya Lovers, a beautiful sculpture depicting a couple in an intimate embrace. The temple is thought to date back to the 3rd century BCE and was originally a monastic complex for high-caste children. The serene environment of the temple, set against the backdrop of a lotus-filled pond and lush greenery, makes it a peaceful retreat for visitors. The temple also offers a panoramic view of the surrounding area from its elevated position, providing a perfect spot to reflect and enjoy the beauty of Anuradhapura.
Thuparamaya
Thuparamaya holds the distinction of being the first stupa built in Sri Lanka after the introduction of Buddhism, making it one of the most significant religious sites in the country. Constructed by King Devanampiya Tissa in the 3rd century BCE, it is believed to enshrine the right collarbone of the Buddha. Thuparamaya’s unique bell-shaped design has been restored and maintained over the centuries, and its peaceful surroundings offer a contemplative atmosphere for visitors. The stupa is encircled by stone pillars that once supported a wooden roof, a testament to the ancient architectural styles of Sri Lanka. A visit to Thuparamaya provides insight into the early days of Buddhism in the island nation and its lasting impact on the culture and traditions.
Mihintale
Mihintale, located a short drive from Anuradhapura, is a site of immense historical and religious significance, often considered the cradle of Buddhism in Sri Lanka. According to tradition, it was here that King Devanampiya Tissa met the Buddhist monk Mahinda, who introduced Buddhism to the island in the 3rd century BCE. The site is a complex of shrines, stupas, and caves spread across a picturesque hill, and it is a popular pilgrimage destination. Visitors can climb the ancient stone steps leading to the summit, where they are rewarded with breathtaking views of the surrounding countryside. Key attractions at Mihintale include the Mihintale Stupa, the Kantaka Chetiya, and the Maha Seya Dagoba, each offering a unique glimpse into the spiritual heritage of the area.
Kuttam Pokuna (Twin Ponds)
The Kuttam Pokuna, or Twin Ponds, are an engineering marvel of ancient Sri Lanka, showcasing the advanced hydraulic skills of the Sinhalese civilization. These two large, intricately designed bathing ponds were part of a monastic complex and were used by monks for ritual bathing and daily ablutions. The ponds are connected by an underground conduit and are lined with beautifully carved stone steps that lead down to the water. The Kuttam Pokuna not only served a practical purpose but also exemplifies the aesthetic sensibilities of the time, with their symmetrical design and ornate decorations. Visiting the Twin Ponds offers a fascinating insight into the sophisticated water management systems that were a hallmark of Anuradhapura’s urban planning.
Samadhi Buddha Statue
The Samadhi Buddha Statue is one of the most revered and iconic images of the Buddha in Anuradhapura. This ancient statue, dating back to the 4th century CE, depicts the Buddha in a seated meditation posture, known as the Samadhi pose. The statue is carved from a single piece of granite and is noted for its serene expression and perfect proportions, symbolizing inner peace and spiritual enlightenment. Located in the Mahamevnawa Park, the statue is surrounded by lush greenery, creating a tranquil environment for contemplation and meditation. The Samadhi Buddha is not only a masterpiece of ancient Sri Lankan art but also a powerful symbol of the enduring spiritual legacy of Anuradhapura.